{"id":308226,"date":"2025-04-21T16:40:40","date_gmt":"2025-04-21T13:40:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3agelmasr.com\/post\/?p=308226"},"modified":"2025-04-21T16:40:40","modified_gmt":"2025-04-21T13:40:40","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%ad-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3agelmasr.com\/post\/308226\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644: \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (7)\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/a><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629…<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639…<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647!<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644… \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627\u2014 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Robinson, 2011) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0640”\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0633”\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a” \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0637\u0626\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u062d\u062d. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f Etienne Wenger (1998) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a “\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629” (Communities of Practice) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c “\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629”<\/strong><\/span>
\n. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a (Freire, 1970):<\/strong><\/span>
\n“\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627.”<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064b\u0627.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/span>
\n1- \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0643 \u0647\u0627\u064a \u2013 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 . (Larmer, 2014) <\/strong><\/span>
\n2- \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u2013 \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639: \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a “\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a”. (Sahlberg, 2015)<\/strong><\/span>
\n3- \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 Barefoot College \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. (Roy, 2010)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629… \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644.<\/strong><\/span>
\n2- \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c: \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a”\u060c “\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629”\u060c “\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a”.<\/strong><\/span>
\n3- \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/span>
\n4- \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627: \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 Fullan (2013):<\/strong><\/span>
\n“\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 Margaret Mead :<\/strong><\/span>
\n“\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.”<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0646.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633.<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062c\u0644.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1- Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.<\/strong><\/span>
\n2- Fullan, M. (2013). The New Meaning of Educational Change (4th ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.<\/strong><\/span>
\n3- Larmer, J. (2014). Project Based Learning in the 21st Century. Buck Institute for Education.<\/strong><\/span>
\n4- Robinson, K. (2011). Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative. Capstone.<\/strong><\/span>
\n5- Roy, B. (2010). The Barefoot College: Education for the Poorest. TED Talk.<\/strong><\/span>
\n6- Sahlberg, P. (2015). Finnish Lessons 2.0: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? Teachers College Press.<\/strong><\/span>
\n7- Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge University Press.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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